Extreme Heat

What is Extreme Heat?

Temperatures that hover 10 degrees or more above the average high temperature for the region and last for several weeks are defined as extreme heat. Humid or muggy conditions, which add to the discomfort of high temperatures, occur when a "dome" of high atmospheric pressure traps hazy, damp air near the ground. Excessively dry and hot conditions can provoke dust storms and low visibility. Droughts occur when a long period passes without substantial rainfall. A heat wave combined with a drought is a very dangerous situation.

Did You Know...

• In a normal year, approximately 175 Americans die from extreme heat.
• Because men sweat more than women, men are more susceptible to heat illness because they become more quickly dehydrated.
• Sunburn can significantly slow the skin's ability to release excess heat.

The Danger of Extreme Heat

Heat kills by pushing the human body beyond its limits. Under normal conditions, the body's internal thermostat produces perspiration that evaporates and cools the body.  In extreme heat and high humidity, evaporation is slowed and the body must work extra hard to maintain a normal temperature.

Most heat disorders occur because the victim has been overexposed to heat or has over-exercised for his or her age and physical condition. Older adults, young children, and those who are sick or overweight are more likely to succumb to extreme heat.

Conditions that can induce heat-related illnesses include stagnant atmospheric conditions and poor air quality. Consequently, people living in urban areas may be at greater risk from the effects of a prolonged heat wave than those living in rural areas. Also, asphalt and concrete store heat longer and gradually release heat at night, which can produce higher nighttime temperatures known as the "urban heat island effect."

A prolonged drought can have a serious economic impact on a community. Increased demand for water and electricity may result in shortages of resources. Moreover, food shortages may occur if agricultural production is damaged or destroyed by a loss of crops or livestock.

Before Extreme Threat Threatens

• Know the terms used by weather forecasters:
  • Heat Wave –Prolonged period of excessive heat, often combined with excessive humidity.
  • Heat Index –A number in degrees Fahrenheit (F) that tells how hot it feels when relative humidity is added to the air temperature. Exposure to full sunshine can increase the heat index by 15 degrees.
  • Sunburn – A burn to living tissue such as skin produced by overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, commonly from the sun's rays.
    • What to Look For: Skin redness and pain, possible swelling, blisters, fever, headaches
    • What to Do:
      • Take a shower using soap to remove oils that may block pores, preventing the body from cooling naturally.
      • Apply dry, sterile dressings to any blisters, and get medical attention.
  • Heat Cramps – Muscular pains and spasms due to heavy exertion. Although heat cramps are the least severe, they are often the first signal that the body is having trouble with the heat.
    • What to Look For: Skin redness and pain, possible swelling, blisters, fever, headaches
    • What to Do:
      • Take a shower using soap to remove oils that may block pores, preventing the body from cooling naturally.
      • Apply dry, sterile dressings to any blisters, and get medical attention.
  • Heat Exhaustion - Typically occurs when people exercise heavily or work in a hot, humid place where body fluids are lost through heavy sweating. Blood flow to the skin increases, causing blood flow to decrease to the vital organs. This results in a form of mild shock. If not treated, the victim’s condition will worsen. Body temperature will keep rising and the victim may suffer heat stroke.
    • What to Look For: Heavy sweating but skin may be cool, pale, or flushed. Weak pulse. Normal body temperature is possible, but temperature will likely rise. Fainting or dizziness, nausea, vomiting, exhaustion, and headaches are possible.
    • What to Do:
      • Get victim to lie down in a cool place.
      • Loosen or remove clothing.
      • Apply cool, wet clothes.
      • Fan or move victim to air-conditioned place.
      • Give sips of water if victim is conscious.
      • Be sure water is consumed slowly.
      • Give half glass of cool water every 15 minutes.
      • Discontinue water if victim is nauseated.
      • Seek immediate medical attention if vomiting occur
  • Heat Stroke - A life-threatening condition and severe medical emergency. The victim’s temperature control system, which produces sweating to cool the body, stops working. The body temperature can rise so high that brain damage and death may result if the body is not cooled quickly.
    • What to Look For: High body temperature (105+); hot, red, dry skin; rapid, weak pulse; and rapid shallow breathing. Victim will probably not sweat unless victim was sweating from recent strenuous activity. Possible unconsciousness.
    • What to Do:
      • Call 9-1-1 or emergency medical services, or get the victim to a hospital immediately.Delay can be fatal.
      • Move victim to a cooler environment.
      • Removing clothing.
      • Try a cool bath, sponging, or wet sheet to reduce body temperature.
      • Watch for breathing problems.
      • Use fans and air conditioners.
      • Use extreme caution.
  • Sun Stroke - Another term for heat stroke.
• Install window air conditioners snugly; insulate if necessary.
• Check air-conditioning ducts for proper insulation.
• Install temporary window reflectors (for use between windows and drapes), such as aluminum foil-covered cardboard, to reflect heat back outside.
• Weather-strip doors and sills to keep cool air in.
• Cover windows that receive morning or afternoon sun with drapes, shades, awnings, or louvers. (Outdoor awnings or louvers can reduce the heat that enters a home by up to 80 percent.)
• Keep storm windows up all year.

During Extreme Heat

• Stay indoors as much as possible and limit exposure to the sun.
• Stay on the lowest floor out of the sunshine if air conditioning is not available.
• Consider spending the warmest part of the day in public buildings such as libraries, schools, movie theaters, shopping malls, and other community facilities. Circulating air can cool the body by increasing the perspiration rate of evaporation.
• Eat well-balanced, light, and regular meals. Avoid using salt tablets unless directed to do so by a physician.
• Drink plenty of water. Persons who have epilepsy or heart, kidney, or liver disease; are on fluid-restricted diets; or have a problem with fluid retention should consult a doctor before increasing liquid intake.
• Limit intake of alcoholic beverages.
• Dress in loose-fitting, lightweight, and light-colored clothes that cover as much skin as possible.
• Protect face and head by wearing a wide-brimmed hat.
• Check on family, friends, and neighbors who do not have air conditioning and who spend much of their time alone.
• Never leave children or pets alone in closed vehicles.
• Avoid strenuous work during the warmest part of the day. Use a buddy system when working in extreme heat, and take frequent breaks.