Winter Driving - The greatest danger during winter storms is the risk of accidents. Preparing your vehicle for the winter season and knowing how to react if stranded or lost on the road are the keys to safe winter driving.

Have a mechanic check the following items on your car:

• Battery
• Antifreeze
• Wipers and windshield washer fluid
• Ignition system
• Thermostat
• Lights
• Flashing hazard lights
• Exhaust system
• Heater
• Brakes
• Defroster
• Oil level (if necessary, replace existing oil with a winter grade oil or the SAE 10w/30 weight variety)

Also:

• Install good winter tires - Make sure the tires have adequate tread. All-weather radials are usually adequate for most winter conditions, however some jurisdictions require that vehicles must be equipped with chains or snow tires with studs.
• Keep a windshield scraper and small broom for ice and snow removal.
• Maintain at least a half tank of gas during the winter season.
• Plan long trips carefully.
• Listen to the radio or call the state highway patrol for the latest road conditions. Always travel during daylight and, if possible, take at least one other person.
• Dress warmly, wear layers of loose-fitting, layered, lightweight clothing.
• Carry food and water - Store a supply of high energy "munchies" and several bottles of water.
• Contact your local emergency management office or American Red Cross chapter for more information on winter driving.

Winter Car Kit - Keep these items in your car:

• Flashlights with extra batteries
• First aid kit with pocket knife
• Necessary medications
• Several blankets
• Sleeping bags
• Extra newspapers for insulation
• Matches
• Extra set of mittens, socks, and a wool cap
• Rain gear and extra clothes
• Small sack of sand for generating traction under wheels
• Small shovel
• Small tools (pliers, wrench, screwdriver)
• Booster cables
• Set of tire chains or traction mats
• Brightly colored cloth to use as a flag
• Canned food
• Nonelectric can opener
• Bottled water

If trapped in a car during a blizzard:

• Stay in the car.
• Do not leave the car to search for assistance unless help is visible within 100 yards. You may become disoriented and lost is blowing and drifting snow.
• Display a trouble sign.
• Hang a brightly colored cloth on the radio antenna and raise the hood.
• Occasionally run engine to keep warm.
• Turn on the car's engine for about 10 minutes each hour. Run the heater when the car is running. Also, turn on the car's dome light when the car is running.
• Beware of carbon monoxide poisoning. Keep the exhaust pipe clear of snow, and open a downwind window slightly for ventilation.
• Watch for signs of frostbite and hypothermia.
• Do minor exercises to keep up circulation.
• Clap hands and move arms and legs occasionally. Try not to stay in one position for too long. If more than one person is in the car, take turns sleeping.
• For warmth, huddle together.
• Use newspapers, maps, and even the removable car mats for added insulation.
• Avoid overexertion, cold weather puts an added strain on the heart. Unaccustomed exercise such as shoveling snow or pushing a car can bring on a heart attack or make other medical conditions worse.
• Be aware of symptoms of dehydration.

Important Winter Terms:

• Wind Chill - Wind chill is a calculation of how cold it feels outside when the effects of temperature and wind speed are combined. A strong wind combined with a temperature of just below freezing can have the same effect as a still air temperature about 35 degrees colder.
• Winter Storm Watches and Warnings - A winter storm watch indicates that severe winter weather may affect your area. A winter storm warning indicates that severe winter weather conditions are definitely on the way.
• A blizzard warning means that large amounts of falling or blowing snow and sustained winds of at least 35 miles per hour are expected for several hours.
• Frostbite and Hypothermia - Frostbite is a severe reaction to cold exposure that can permanently damage its victims. A loss of feeling and a white or pale appearance in fingers, toes, or nose and ear lobes are symptoms of frostbite. Hypothermia is a condition brought on when the body temperature drops to less than 90 degrees Fahrenheit. Symptoms of hypothermia include uncontrollable shivering, slow speech, memory lapses, frequent stumbling, drowsiness, and exhaustion.
  
  If frostbite or hypothermia are suspected, begin warming the person slowly and seek immediate medical assistance. Warm the person's trunk first. Use your own body heat to help. Arms and legs should be warmed last because stimulation of the limbs can drive cold blood toward the heart and lead to heart failure. Put person in dry clothing and wrap their entire body in a blanket. Never give a frostbite or hypothermia victim something with caffeine in it (like coffee or tea) or alcohol. Caffeine, a stimulant, can cause the heart to beat faster and hasten the effects the cold has on the body. Alcohol, a depressant, can slow the heart and also hasten the ill effects of cold body temperatures.
• Black Ice - Freezing weather can cause hazardous driving conditions. Even if precipitation doesn't fall, roads can turn into ice rinks. This condition, known as black ice, is sometimes called a weather phenomenon. Black ice fools drivers into thinking water is on the road. What they don't realize is that condensation, such as dew, freezes when temperatures reach 32 degrees or below, forming an extra-thin layer of ice. This shiny ice surface is one of the most dangerous road conditions.
  
  Black ice is likely to form first under bridges and overpasses, in shady spots and at intersections. Driving conservatively, keeping plenty of space between cars and allowing for longer stopping distances will help keep you driving straight on slick roads. In the event your car begins to spin out of control, here's what you should do:When you begin to skid, take your foot off the gas and shift to neutral, quickly, then steer in the direction you want your car to go. Before the rear wheels stop skidding, shift to drive and gently press the accelerator, Do not slam on the brakes.
• Flying Snow - Driving is always tricky in the snow, but once the storm has passed, there is another danger: flying snow from trucks and cars. Snow on top of moving vehicles can be very hazardous. When snow is warmed by the vehicle, it will begin to melt. Wind and motion cause sections to break off and hit other vehicles. The snow packs also can fall on the road, melt, and later turn into ice. Drive cautiously, even if a storm has moved on. and remember to keep your distance from vehicles in front of you.

Winter Weather Links:

• FEMA Harzards/Severe Weather Center
• 3 day Forecast for the Eastern U.S.
• 10-Day Temperature Outlook for the U.S.
• Temperatures (F) - (Unisys)
• NOAA Extreme Minimum Temperature Forecast
• NOAA Minimum Wind Chill Forecast